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For convenience, Karate assumes by default that the executable name is playwright and that it exists in the System PATH. Make sure that the batch file is made executable depending on your OS.

Based on the above details, you should be able to come up with a custom strategy to connect Karate to Playwright. And you can consider a driverTarget approach for complex needs such as using a Docker container for CI. When using Playwright you can omit this in which case Karate will default to Chrome within Playwright and the default browser window size.

Note that there is a top-level config flag for headless mode. The configure driver options are fine for testing on " localhost " and when not in headless mode. But when the time comes for running your web-UI automation tests on a continuous integration server, things get interesting.

To support all the various options such as Docker, headless Chrome, cloud-providers etc. And the start method will be invoked as soon as any Scenario requests for a web-browser instance for the first time via the driver keyword. If you use the provided ScenarioRuntime. Combined with Docker, headless Chrome and Karate's parallel-execution capabilities - this simple start and stop lifecycle can effectively run web UI automation tests in parallel on a single node.

Karate has a built-in implementation for Docker DockerTarget that supports 2 existing Docker images out of the box:. Or for more flexibility, you could do this in karate-config.

One very convenient aspect of configure driverTarget is that if in-scope, it will over-ride any configure driver directives that exist. This means that you can have the below snippet activate only for your CI build, and you can leave your feature files set to point to what you would use in "dev-local" mode.

And if you need to view the container display via VNC, set the vncPort to map the port exposed by Docker. If you have a custom implementation of a Target , you can easily construct any custom Java class and pass it to configure driverTarget. Here below is the equivalent of the above, done the "hard way":. The built-in DockerTarget is a good example of how to:. Controlling this flow from Java can take a lot of complexity out your build pipeline and keep things cross-platform.

And you don't need to line-up an assortment of shell-scripts to do all these things. You can potentially include the steps of deploying and un-deploying the application-under-test using this approach - but probably the top-level JUnit test-suite would be the right place for those. If the machine where you are running Karate is not the same as your target host e. The DockerTarget implementation has an example and you can find more details here. Another simple example of a custom Target you can use as a reference is this one: karate-devicefarm-demo - which demonstrates how Karate can be used to drive tests on AWS DeviceFarm.

The same approach should apply to any Selenium "grid" provider such as Zalenium. To try this or especially when you need to investigate why a test is not behaving properly when running within Docker, these are the steps:.

For more information on the Docker containers for Karate and how to use them, refer to the wiki: Docker. The recommendation is that you prefer chrome for development, and once you have the tests running smoothly - you can switch to a different WebDriver implementation.

Karate can split a test-suite across multiple machines or Docker containers for execution and aggregate the results. Please refer to the wiki: Distributed Testing.

The standard locator syntax is supported. You will typically also match against a specific HTML tag which is preferred, and faster at run-time. And this kind of locator is likely to be more stable and resistant to cosmetic changes to the underlying HTML.

The "wildcard" locators are great when the human-facing visible text is within the HTML element that you want to interact with. This is where the "friendly locators" come in. The above methods return a chainable Finder instance. For example if you have HTML like this:. By default, the HTML tag that will be searched for will be input. While rarely needed, you can over-ride this by calling the find tagName method like this:.

One more variation supported is that instead of an HTML tag name, you can look for the textContent :. One thing to watch out for is that the "origin" of the search will be the mid-point of the whole HTML element, not just the text.

So especially when doing above or below , ensure that the "search path" is aligned the way you expect. If you get stuck trying to align the search path, especially if the "origin" is a small chunk of text that is aligned right or left - try near. Of course this can be useful if the element you are seeking is diagonally offset from the locator you have.

And then you would use the built-in driver JS object for all other operations, combined with Karate's match syntax for assertions where needed. If this is the first instance in a test, this step also initializes the driver instance for all subsequent steps - using what is configured.

And yes, you can use variable expressions from karate-config. This example is for Windows, and you can provide the app , appArguments and other parameters expected by the WinAppDriver via the webDriverSession. So this is just for convenience and readability, using configure driver can do the same thing like this:.

This design is so that you can use and data-drive all the capabilities supported by the target driver - which can vary a lot depending on whether it is local, remote, for desktop or mobile etc. The built-in driver JS object is where you script UI automation. It will be initialized only after the driver keyword has been used to navigate to a web-page or application.

You can refer to the Java interface definition of the driver object to better understand what the various operations are. As a convenience, all the methods on the driver have been injected into the context as special JavaScript variables so you can omit the " driver. For example instead of:. When it comes to JavaBean getters and setters, you could call them directly, but the driver.

So instead of doing this:. Note that to navigate to a new address you can use driver - which is more concise. All the methods that return the following Java object types are "chain-able". This means that you can combine them to concisely express certain types of "intent" - without having to repeat the locator. For example, to retry until an HTML element is present and then click it:. Or to wait until a button is enabled using the default retry configuration:.

Or to temporarily over-ride the retry configuration and wait:. Or to move the mouse to a given [x, y] co-ordinate and perform a click:. To avoid "flaky" tests, use waitForUrl. This can also be used as a "setter" to navigate to a new URL during a test.

But always use the driver keyword when you start a test and you can choose to prefer that shorter form in general. Note that if you do this immediately after a page-load, in some cases you need to wait for the page to fully load.

You can use a waitForUrl before attempting to access driver. Get the absolute position and size of an element by locator as follows:. The absolute position returns the coordinate from the top left corner of the page. If you need the position of an element relative to the current viewport, you can pass an extra boolean argument set to 'true' 'false' will return the absolute position :.

As a convenience, there is a second form where you can pass an array as the second argument:. And an extra convenience third argument is a time-delay in milliseconds that will be applied before each array value. This is sometimes needed to "slow down" keystrokes, especially when there is a lot of JavaScript or security-validation behind the scenes.

And for extra convenience, you can pass a string as the second argument above, in which case Karate will split the string and fire the delay before each character:. If you need to send input to the "whole page" not a specific input field , just use body as the selector:. A special variable called Key will be available and you can see all the possible key codes here. Also see value locator, value and clear.

Karate has an elegant approach to handling any action such as click that results in a new page load. You "signal" that a submit is expected by calling the submit function which returns a Driver object and then " chaining " the action that is expected to trigger a page load. The advantage of this approach is that it works with any of the actions.

Karate will do the best it can to detect a page change and wait for the load to complete before proceeding to any step that follows. For some SPAs Single Page Applications the detection of a "page load" may be difficult because page-navigation and the browser history is taken over by JavaScript. In such cases, you can always fall-back to a waitForUrl or a more generic waitFor. Sometimes, because of an HTTP re-direct, it can be difficult for Karate to detect a page URL change, or it will be detected too soon, causing your test to fail.

In such cases, you can use waitForUrl. Note that it uses a string "contains" match, so you just need to supply a portion of the URL you are expecting. You can do this. Note that waitForUrl will also act as an assertion, so you don't have to do an extra match. And you can even chain a retry before the waitForUrl if you know that it is going to take a long time:. This is very convenient to use for the first element you need to interact with on a freshly-loaded page.

Here is an example of waiting for a search box to appear after a click , and note how we re-use the Element reference returned by waitFor to proceed with the flow. We even slip in a page-URL assertion without missing a beat. Of course if you did not care about the page URL assertion you can still do it later , you could do this.

Of course, resorting to a "sleep" in a UI test is considered a very bad-practice and you should always use retry instead. But sometimes it is un-avoidable, for example to wait for animations to render - before taking a screenshot. The nice thing here is that it returns a Driver instance, so you can chain any other method and the "intent" will be clear.

The other situation where we have found a delay un-avoidable is for some super-secure sign-in forms - where a few milliseconds delay before hitting the submit button is needed. Also see submit and mouse. Nowadays, most "select" or "multi-select" user experiences are JavaScript widgets, so you would be needing to fire a click or two to get things done. If this does not work, try value selector, value.

This returns an instance of Mouse on which you can chain actions. A common need is to move or hover the mouse, and for this you call the move method. The mouse. You can pass 2 integers as the x and y co-ordinates or you can pass the locator string of the element to move to. Make sure you call go at the end - if the last method in the chain is not click or up.

You can even chain a submit to wait for a page load if needed:. Closes the browser. You normally never need to use this in a test, Karate will close the browser automatically after a Scenario unless the driver instance was created before entering the Scenario. Get the outerHTML , so will include the markup of the selected element. Useful for match contains assertions.

Get the textContent. Get the HTML form-element value. Set the HTML form-element value. Get the HTML element attribute value by attribute name. Also see waitUntil for an example of how to wait until an element is "enabled" or until any other element property becomes the target value. Very handy for waiting for an expected URL change and asserting if it happened.

For convenience, it will do a string contains match not an exact match so you don't need to worry about http vs https for example. It will also return a string which is the actual URL in case you need to use it for further actions in the test script.

See waitForUrl instead of submit. Also see waits. Note the use of the JavaScript String. The need to "wait until some text appears" is so common, and with this - you don't need to worry about dealing with white-space such as line-feeds and invisible tab characters.

And if you really need to scan the whole page for some text, you can use this, but it is better to be more specific for better performance:. This is just a convenience short-cut for waitUntil locator, '! A very powerful and useful way to wait until the number of elements that match a given locator is equal to a given number.

This is super-useful when you need to wait for say a table of slow-loading results, and where the table may contain fewer elements at first. There are two variations. The first will simply return a List of Element instances. Most of the time, you just want to wait until a certain number of matching elements, and then move on with your flow, and in that case, the above is sufficient. If you need to actually do something with each returned Element , see locateAll or the option below.

The second variant takes a third argument, which is going to do the same thing as the scriptAll method:. So in a single step we can wait for the number of elements to match and extract data as an array. This is typically used for the first element you need to interact with on a freshly loaded page. Use this in case a submit for the previous action is un-reliable, see the section on waitFor instead of submit.

This will wait until the element by locator is present in the page and uses the configured retry settings. This will fail the test if the element does not appear after the configured number of re-tries have been attempted. Since waitFor returns an Element instance on which you can call "chained" methods, this can be the pattern you use, which is very convenient and readable:. Rarely used - but accepts multiple arguments for those tricky situations where a particular element may or may not be present in the page.

It returns the Element representation of whichever element was found first , so that you can perform conditional logic to handle accordingly. But since the optional API is designed to handle the case when a given locator does not exist, you can write some very concise tests, without needing to examine the returned object from waitForAny.

Here is a real-life example combined with the use of retry :. If you have more than two locators you need to wait for, use the single-argument-as-array form, like this:. Returns an Element instead of exists which returns a boolean.

What this means is that it can be chained as you expect. But there is a twist! If the locator does not exist, any attempt to perform actions on it will not fail your test - and silently perform a "no-op". This is designed specifically for the kind of situation described in the example for waitForAny.

If you wanted to check if the Element returned exists, you can use the present property "getter" as follows:. But what is most useful is how you can now click only if element exists.

As you can imagine, this can handle un-predictable dialogs, advertisements and the like. And yes, you can use an if statement in Karate! Note that the optional , exists and locate APIs are a little different from the other Element actions, because they will not honor any intent to retry and immediately check the HTML for the given locator. This is important because they are designed to answer the question: " does the element exist in the HTML page right now? Note that the "opposite" of optional is locate which will fail if the element is not present.

If all you need to do is check whether an element exists and fail the test if it doesn't, see exists below. This method returns a boolean true or false , perfect for asserting if an element exists and giving you the option to perform conditional logic, or manually fail the test. Note that there is a karate. And also note that instead of using the match keyword, you can use karate.

Wait for the browser JS expression to evaluate to true. Will poll using the retry settings configured. Note that the JS here has to be a "raw" string that is simply sent to the browser as-is and evaluated there. So trying to use driver. A very useful variant that takes a locator parameter is where you supply a JavaScript "predicate" function that will be evaluated on the element returned by the locator in the HTML DOM. Most of the time you will prefer the short-cut boolean-expression form that begins with an underscore or "!

One limitation is that you cannot use double-quotes within these expressions, so stick to the pattern seen below. One thing you need to get used to is the "separation" between the code that is evaluated by Karate and the JavaScript that is sent to the browser as a raw string and evaluated.

Pay attention to the fact that the includes function you see in the above example - is pure JavaScript. Note that Karate will fail the test if the waitUntil returned false - even after the configured number of re-tries were attempted. Also see waitForEnabled which is the preferred short-cut for the last example above, also look at the examples for chaining and then the section on waits. A very powerful variation of waitUntil takes a full-fledged JavaScript function as the argument.

The signal to stop the loop is to return any not-null object. And as a convenience, whatever object is returned, can be re-used in future steps. This is best explained with an example. Note that scriptAll will return an array, as opposed to script.

The above logic can actually be replaced with Karate's built-in short-cut - which is waitForResultCount Also see waits. The above example can be re-factored in a very elegant way as follows, using Karate's native support for JavaScript :. The great thing here is that the innnerText function can be defined in a common feature which all your scripts can re-use.

You can see how it can be re-used anywhere to scrape the contents out of any HTML tabular data, and all you need to do is supply the locator that matches the elements you are interested in. Here are the few things you need to know. The default retry settings are:.

By default, all actions such as click will not be re-tried - and this is what you would stick to most of the time, for tests that run smoothly and quickly. But some troublesome parts of your flow will require re-tries, and this is where the retry API comes in.

There are 3 forms:. And since you can chain the retry API, you can have tests that clearly express the " intent to wait ". This results in easily understandable one-liners, only at the point of need, and to anyone reading the test - it will be clear as to where extra "waits" have been applied. Here are the various combinations for you to compare using click as an example. The set of built-in functions that start with " wait " handle all the cases you would need to typically worry about.

Keep in mind that:. To avoid problems, stick to the pattern of using double-quotes to "wrap" the JavaScript snippet, and you can use single-quotes within. Normally you would use text to do the above, but you get the idea. Expressions follow the same short-cut rules as for waitUntil. This is more compact, and is especially useful for expressions that do not start with the current DOM element. Here is an example of getting the "computed style" for a given element:.

For an advanced example of simulating a drag and drop operation see this answer on Stack Overflow. See Function Composition for another good example.

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